شَهِدَ الْعَالَمُ الْإِسْلَامِيُّ فِي الْفَتْرَةِ الْمُمْتَدَّةِ مِنَ الْقَرْنِ الثَّامِنِ إِلَى الْقَرْنِ الرَّابِعَ عَشَرَ الْمِيلَادِيِّ ازْدِهَارًا عِلْمِيًّا غَيْرَ مَسْبُوقٍ فِي مَجَالِ عِلْمِ الْفَلَكِ. فَقَدْ أَسْهَمَ الْعُلَمَاءُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِسْهَامًا كَبِيرًا فِي تَطْوِيرِ هَذَا الْعِلْمِ وَتَصْحِيحِ كَثِيرٍ مِنَ النَّظَرِيَّاتِ الْقَدِيمَةِ. كَانَ بَيْتُ الْحِكْمَةِ فِي بَغْدَادَ مَرْكَزًا رَئِيسِيًّا لِدِرَاسَةِ الْفَلَكِ. وَقَدْ تَرْجَمَ الْعُلَمَاءُ فِيهِ أَعْمَالَ بَطْلَيْمُوسَ الْيُونَانِيِّ ثُمَّ طَوَّرُوهَا وَأَضَافُوا إِلَيْهَا اكْتِشَافَاتٍ جَدِيدَةً. وَمِنْ أَبْرَزِ هَؤُلَاءِ الْعُلَمَاءِ الْخَوَارِزْمِيُّ الَّذِي وَضَعَ جَدَاوِلَ فَلَكِيَّةً دَقِيقَةً لِحِسَابِ مَوَاقِعِ الْكَوَاكِبِ وَالنُّجُومِ. اخْتَرَعَ الْعُلَمَاءُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ أَدَوَاتٍ فَلَكِيَّةً مُتَطَوِّرَةً. فَالْأُسْطُرْلَابُ الَّذِي طَوَّرَهُ الْعُلَمَاءُ الْعَرَبُ أَصْبَحَ أَهَمَّ أَدَاةٍ لِرَصْدِ الْأَجْرَامِ السَّمَاوِيَّةِ. وَقَدِ اسْتُخْدِمَ هَذَا الْجِهَازُ لِتَحْدِيدِ اتِّجَاهِ الْقِبْلَةِ وَمَعْرِفَةِ أَوْقَاتِ الصَّلَاةِ وَتَحْدِيدِ بِدَايَةِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ. أَنْشَأَ الْحُكَّامُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مَرَاصِدَ فَلَكِيَّةً ضَخْمَةً فِي عِدَّةِ مُدُنٍ. فَفِي مَدِينَةِ مَرَاغَةَ بِإِيرَانَ بَنَى نَصِيرُ الدِّينِ الطُّوسِيُّ مَرْصَدًا مُتَقَدِّمًا فِي الْقَرْنِ الثَّالِثَ عَشَرَ. وَقَدْ أَثَّرَتْ أَعْمَالُهُ فِي عُلَمَاءِ أُورُوبَّا لَاحِقًا، بِمَا فِي ذَلِكَ كُوبِرْنِيكُوسَ الَّذِي اسْتَفَادَ مِنْ نَمَاذِجِ الطُّوسِيِّ الرِّيَاضِيَّةِ فِي تَطْوِيرِ نَظَرِيَّتِهِ عَنْ دَوَرَانِ الْأَرْضِ حَوْلَ الشَّمْسِ.
The Islamic world witnessed an unprecedented scientific flourishing in the field of astronomy during the period extending from the eighth to the fourteenth century CE. Muslim scholars made a significant contribution to the development of this science and the correction of many ancient theories. The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a principal center for the study of astronomy. Scholars there translated the works of the Greek astronomer Ptolemy, then developed them and added new discoveries. Among the most prominent of these scholars was al-Khwarizmi, who compiled precise astronomical tables for calculating the positions of planets and stars. Muslim scholars invented sophisticated astronomical instruments. The astrolabe, which Arab scholars refined, became the most important tool for observing celestial bodies. This instrument was used to determine the direction of the qibla, to ascertain prayer times, and to establish the beginning of the month of Ramadan. Muslim rulers established ma